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Pulse amplitude modulation, pulse width modulation and pulse position modulation form cases of analog pulse system. Pulse code modulation and delta modulation form cases of digital pulse modulation. Pulse code modulation in similarity with other... |
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By fading of a radio signal we mean that incident wave change in the field strength of signal received from distant transmitter. The fading of signal may be put into the following two categories namely general fading or synchronous fading and... |
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A solar eclipse causes a decrease in the critical frequency of E and F1 layer. The variation of critical frequency is approximately in phase with the optical eclipse. The ionization in E and F1 layer results from solar radiation having speed closely... |
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The radio waves traveling through the ionosphere possess kinetic energy. This kinetic energy is imparted to the free electrons. Thus these free electrons in the ionosphere are set to vibration. These vibrating electrons collide with gas molecules... |
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The radio waves traveling through the ionosphere possess kinetic energy. This kinetic energy is imparted to the free electrons. Thus these free electrons in the ionosphere are set to vibration. These vibrating electrons collide with gas molecules... |
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In troposphere under normal conditions the air pressure water vapor pressure and temperature reduces with the increase of height above earth. As a result of this the refractive index also reduces with the increase of height. In standard atmosphere... |
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Critical frequency is the maximum frequency of the radio wave which is returned from a layer for normal incident. In case the frequency of the radio wave exceeds the critical frequency the influence of the ionosphere layer on the path of propagation... |
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